Introduction to macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Introduction to macroeconomics - Essay Example However, during recessions, when unemployment rate rises, the demand will still be met by the supply, although the demand level will be lower. This is why in the goods market prices and quantity will settle at the equilibrium but high unemployment can still be present in the economy. This has been termed as the â€Å"Keynesian unemployment†. As what has been described earlier, in determining output to meet the demands, there are two views—the Keynesian and the classical view. The classical view argues that prices and wages are flexible, in such a way that excesses in either demand or supply will quickly be absorbed by the economy and resume full employment of resources after economic shocks—or abrupt changes in the aggregate demand and supply curves. The Keynesian view on the other hand argues, as apparent in its sticky theory of prices and wages which says that these two factors are sticky in the short run because of contractual rigidities such as agreements made with different interest groups such as the labor unions. In the latter situation, the one proposed by Keynes, higher levels of aggregate demands are needed for output to respond positively because aggregate supply curve is relatively flat especially when output levels are low. In this situation, the economy can have long periods of unemployment b ecause prices and wages are slow to adjust to shocks, and reaching full employment of resources is slow to reach. When classical economists argue that unemployment results from the interaction of the labor demand and supply curves, and lowering the wages will spread the labor supply which can curb unemployment in the process, Keynes argue that such is not applicable when unemployment is due to business cycle downturns, when because of lower demands of products in the economy, demand for labor is also low. The lower demand for goods results into lower demands for

Integrated Business Communication Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Integrated Business Communication - Term Paper Example Emails, text messages, BBMs, documents attached with emails, manuals, guidelines, rules etc., and the list goes on and on. Everyone has less time to process a piece of communication which will result in a lot of communication problems. Communication will become more complex in future. A quick study into recent corporate history reveals that communication has been the major reason for the fall of companies like Enron, Nokia, Thai Airways (Groysberg & Slind, 2012). The reason for complex communication is one person is handling more responsibilities than before. Multitasking might have been a trait not appreciated in the past but these days companies hire people that can handle many tasks. An all-rounder is more successful in the corporate world. This is the age of self-broadcasting. People want to talk more than to listen. Technology has made their job much easier. Every company has its own communication climate that emerges from the information flow on a few key issues (Oliver, 2004). When this flow of information is replaced by technology then it is supposed to alter the communication climate of the whole organization. Technology has already taken up most of the communication channels between humans. But technology is not all bad. It is also an inexpensive way of communication between people and businesses. One apparent solution of bridging the communication gap between cultures, income levels, generations and education is to apply technology as the means to communicate effectively. People live and work in another part of the country or of the world but they can immediately talk with their parents or grandparents with the help of smart phone applications. People setup their profiles on social media and add others that belong to all walks of life. Reaching and communicating with celebrities and CEOs of a company had never been easier. Similarly the best kind of education can be communicated through technology from MIT research

Treatments for Painful Neuropathy

Treatments for Painful Neuropathy Neuropathy is used as a medicinal phrase for nerve injury it is a common problem of type 1 and type 2 diabetic. It is estimated that up to twenty six percent of the people living with type 2 diabetes are said to have evidence of nerve damage after diabetic is diagnosed (Galer et al. 2000). It is however true that a generalized type of neuropathy that is commonly called the polyneuropathy as the most familiar category of diabetic neuropathy. The paper investigates whether the neuropathic pain has effect on the value of existence for the patient (Meijer et al. 2002). Painful neuropathy is considered as a progressive impediment of diabetes. Alternatively, the ordinary account of the illness may differ from discontinuous mild symptoms handling of aching diabetic neuropathy. Nevertheless, the process of selecting an agent is a challenge specified the breath of selections and the need of dependable strategy (Wild Green 2004). Due to the inconsistency of the symptoms patients remain untreated or undertreated. Connectively, different injuries or diseases can cause damage to the central or peripheral nervous structure and then create the neuropathic pain identified as (NP). It is difficult to treat and cure many other kinds of chronic pain clients with NP have better medicinal co-morbidity weight than gender and age familiar checks (Baron Gockel 2009). The challenges makes establishing the humane and monetary burden linked to NP testing. However, health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) is significantly impaired among clients with NP. Alternatively, it is assumed that Patients with PN and pain-related interference in numerous (HR-QOL) and useful domains together with condensed capability to work and reduced mobility owing to pain. Connectively, Spouses of NP patient have been liked with unpleasant communal penalty that related to NP (Sorensen et al. 2002). Roughly 25% of people with diabetes might be affected by chronic NP Patients frequently show with uneasiness, naturally from the distal feet, but progressing over time. Patients may illustrate signs of tingling, electric shocks burning, numbness, aching, or lancinating pains. (Wild Green 2004). The pain might be steady, alternating or associated with nocturnal deterioration. Patients might as well experience allodynia, (Schmader 2002). There are multiple patterns of diabetic neuropathy. Sensory polyneuropathy is the most common; however sensory motor neuropathies, small fibre neuropathies, focal neuropathies, demyelinating (chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy), and vasculitic (amyotrophic) neuropathies might also occur (Baron Gockel 2009). Numerous mechanisms have been projected to describe the effects of hyperglycemia on nerve fibers, including metabolic derangement, oxidative stress, and ischemia. A complete re-evaluate of the fundamental pathogenesis and types of painful diabetic neuropathy is past the reach of this paper (Perkins et al. 2001). Despite the type, the strictness and clinical option might change for diabetic neuropathy. For several patients, the symptoms might turn out to be chronic and deteriorate with time. For some, however, there is steady upgrading and even resolution of pain (Freynhagen 2006). A decline in painful symptoms might imply nerve healing; however, progressive neuropathy may possibly also cause failure of feeling, knowledgeable as diminution of pain. Chronic painful diabetic neuropathy is identified to crash several magnitude of patient value of life, including humour, slumber, work, self-worth, and interpersonal affairs (Baron Gockel 2009). There are also considerable individual and societal costs from medications, health care visits, misplaced efficiency, and unfavourable events, even if the genuine monetary burden from painful diabetic neuropathy has not been differentiated from broad diabetic neuropathy (Torrance et al. 2006). Even though treatment of pain is vital for value of life, it must be measured only as one characteristic of general care. Symptoms of neuropathy might not associate with overall sickness development and therefore insistent treatment of the fundamental diabetes remains important. Control of glucose, lipids, blood pressure, and other micro vascular peril factors are essential for efficient lasting management of this illness. (Daniel et al. 2008) There are several handling options for pain in diabetic neuropathy however; few medications have been experimented in great, randomized, place bi-controlled or head-to-head trials. Explanation of the accessible information if mainly found to be tough since variables such as dosing applications, treatment duration, and the description of victorious cure might differ amongst studies (Sorensen et al 2002). Guiding principle and agreement statements are accessible, however, these recommendations regularly vary and several medications have unfavourable effects or relations with medications applied to treat diabetes. Furthermore, there are older medications, with the example of tricyclic antidepressants, which are generally used for aching diabetic neuropathy but have not been experienced in randomized clinical trials for this circumstance (Wild Green 2004). These older medications may be disqualified from optional guiding principle using harsh criterion regardless of their potential effe ctiveness and value. With these variables, the genuine performance of treatment for painful diabetic neuropathy might demonstrate intimidating results to clinicians and possible contributes to patients remaining undertreated or untreated (Bril Perkins 2002). When to Treat Painful Diabetic Neuropathy There are no clear guidelines for when to initiate symptomatic therapy, in part because treatment options do not alter the disease course. Patients quality of life can be diminished by painful diabetic neuropathy through disruption of work and home productivity, mobility, mood, interpersonal relationships, and sleep. Many of these variables are assessed in treatment trials for painful diabetic neuropathy and improve in parallel with the decrease in pain. Ideally, treatment should be initiated when patients identify that painful neuropathy is impairing activities of daily living and their quality of life. Successful management can decrease pain and improve quality of life (Bennett Backonja 2007). There are a few treatment principles that can be helpful for both the patient and clinician when beginning therapy for neuropathic pain. First, it is important to establish realistic treatment goals and expectations because therapies typically do not result in complete resolution of symptoms. Second, medication dosing must be tailored to the individual patient. The goal of treatment is symptom resolution, not a specific medication dose. Thus it is important to use the lowest effective dose for an individual. Further titration can be considered, but must be weighed against an increased risk of side effects. Finally, there are some data to support drug combinations in painful diabetic neuropathy but it is generally advisable to avoid polypharmacy when possible (Baron Gockel 2009). Conclusion The Treatment of PN can be tough for both clinicians and patients there are numerous diverse strategies that are available, however, contradictory information. Additionally, the value of accessible studies varies, at times with little facts and conflicting endpoints. As drugs are tested in the imminent years, such issues will be expected to persist, creation of medication assortment gradually more complex. Therefore, advancing the behavior approach that incorporates the accessible writing on efficiency, dose, contraindications, side effects, drug interactions, and cost is essential to direct clinicians in developing modified cure for the individual patient. However, this is not a complete evaluation of all probable treatments, but it is an inclusive, stepwise dialogue of the usage of some of the available drugs for painful diabetic neuropathy. The healing of symptoms ought to take place in combination with insistent treatment of diabetes and other related co morbid peril factors to d iminish development of the neuropathy. Future reviews will be necessary to integrate rising information from fresh studies and treatment options (Wild Green 2004). References Baron R Tolle T R Gockel U 2009, A cross-sectional cohort survey in 2100 patients with painful diabetic neuropathy and post herpetic neuralgia: differences in demographic data and sensory symptoms, Pain, pp, 121-152. Bennett M I Backonja M M 2007, Using screening tools to identify neuropathic pain, Pain, pp, 127-199 Bril V Perkins B A 2002, Validation of the Toronto Clinical Scoring System for diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care, 25: pp, 2048 –2052 Daniel H C, Narewska J, Serpell M 2008, Comparison of psychological and physical function in neuropathic pain and nociceptive pain: implications for cognitive behavioral pain management programs, Eur J Pain, pp 125-241. Freynhagen R Baron R Gockel U Tolle T R 2006, Pain detect: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain, Curr Med Res Opin, pp, 126-362. Galer B S, Gianas A Jensen M P 2000, Painful diabetic polyneuropathy: epidemiology, pain description, and quality of life, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 47 pp, 123–128. Meijer, G., Smit, J., Sonderen, V., Groothoff, W., Eisma, H., Links, P 2002, Symptom scoring systems to diagnose distal polyneuropathy in diabetes: the Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom score, Diabet Med, 19: pp, 962–965 Perkins BA Olaleye D Zinman B Bril V 2001, Simple screening tests for peripheral neuropathy in the diabetes clinic, Diabetes Care, 24: pp, 250 –256 Schmader K E 2002, Epidemiology and impact on quality of life of post herpetic neuralgia and painful diabetic neuropathy, Clin Pain, pp, 350 –354 Sorensen L, Molyneaux L, Yue D K 2002, Insensate versus painful diabetic neuropathy: the effects of height, gender, ethnicity and glycaemic control, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 57 pp, 45–74. Torrance N, Smith B H, Bennett M I Lee A J 2006, The epidemiology of chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin. Results from a general population survey, J Pain, pp 281-297. Wild S Roglic G Green A 2004, Global prevalence of diabetes estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030, Diabetes Care, Pp, 25-83.

The Importance of Romanticism in Literature Essay -- Literature Essays

The Importance of Romanticism in Literature In Wordsworth’s â€Å"The World is Too Much With Us† can be seen all the classic signs of the Romantic movement of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century well embodied, complete with a near-worship of nature (â€Å"Little we see in Nature that is ours†¦for this, for everything, we are out of tune†) that was perhaps an understandable reaction to not only the classicism of the prior era, but the sociopolitical realities of the day (such as the French Revolution), a sort of intellectualized version of the hippie movement of 1960s America. Clearly, Wordsworth here is taking a typically Romantic view of the social order and what remained acceptable norms even in religious view (â€Å"I’d rather be a Pagan†¦so might I†¦have glimpses that would make me less forlorn†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), and a kind of individual, internal, take on the acquisition of truth that echoed the ultra-romanticism of Wordsworth’s fellow Briton, William Blake, in his insistence that he create his own â€Å"systems† lest he â€Å"be ruled by another man’s.† Much of these ideas would appeal, at least in their simplest forms, to much of modern consciousness, rebelling as it does not only against conformity and convention, but the apparent subjugation of the individual by the increasingly dizzying swirl of corporate culture and technological globalization. It is interesting to read Emily Dickinson’s take, as it were, on Romanticism from some five decades after Wordsworth. Dickinson wrote in the wake of the industrial revolution (or at least its initial stages) and fell only somewhat short of Thoreau’s radical view of the railroad as emblematic of technology devouring the human person (â€Å"We do not ride upon the railroad,† Thoreau famously asserted, â€Å"but t... ...hey seen as an outgrowth of Divine effort or merely an existent truth defiant of explanation. In other words, Romantic ideals may manifest themselves where Romanticism is not thought to be hiding in part because, quite simply, many Romantic ideals are common to human existence. The same can be said, of course, of the ideals of non-Romantic movements, and indeed this is so. Readers must be cautious to avoid rejecting the proverbial baby along with the bathwater in the common tendency to reject some truths simply because they are stated by those one considers an ideological enemy. In light of the above, Romanticism undoubtedly speaks to many readers today – as it did in its various reappearances in history – because it offers one side of a balanced coin which considers the individual as well as the collective, and the wonder of nature as well as the reason of man. The Importance of Romanticism in Literature Essay -- Literature Essays The Importance of Romanticism in Literature In Wordsworth’s â€Å"The World is Too Much With Us† can be seen all the classic signs of the Romantic movement of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century well embodied, complete with a near-worship of nature (â€Å"Little we see in Nature that is ours†¦for this, for everything, we are out of tune†) that was perhaps an understandable reaction to not only the classicism of the prior era, but the sociopolitical realities of the day (such as the French Revolution), a sort of intellectualized version of the hippie movement of 1960s America. Clearly, Wordsworth here is taking a typically Romantic view of the social order and what remained acceptable norms even in religious view (â€Å"I’d rather be a Pagan†¦so might I†¦have glimpses that would make me less forlorn†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), and a kind of individual, internal, take on the acquisition of truth that echoed the ultra-romanticism of Wordsworth’s fellow Briton, William Blake, in his insistence that he create his own â€Å"systems† lest he â€Å"be ruled by another man’s.† Much of these ideas would appeal, at least in their simplest forms, to much of modern consciousness, rebelling as it does not only against conformity and convention, but the apparent subjugation of the individual by the increasingly dizzying swirl of corporate culture and technological globalization. It is interesting to read Emily Dickinson’s take, as it were, on Romanticism from some five decades after Wordsworth. Dickinson wrote in the wake of the industrial revolution (or at least its initial stages) and fell only somewhat short of Thoreau’s radical view of the railroad as emblematic of technology devouring the human person (â€Å"We do not ride upon the railroad,† Thoreau famously asserted, â€Å"but t... ...hey seen as an outgrowth of Divine effort or merely an existent truth defiant of explanation. In other words, Romantic ideals may manifest themselves where Romanticism is not thought to be hiding in part because, quite simply, many Romantic ideals are common to human existence. The same can be said, of course, of the ideals of non-Romantic movements, and indeed this is so. Readers must be cautious to avoid rejecting the proverbial baby along with the bathwater in the common tendency to reject some truths simply because they are stated by those one considers an ideological enemy. In light of the above, Romanticism undoubtedly speaks to many readers today – as it did in its various reappearances in history – because it offers one side of a balanced coin which considers the individual as well as the collective, and the wonder of nature as well as the reason of man.

Study Guide History 17b

History 17B-13 Second Midterm Study Guide This exam (November 1) will be closed book and closed note. Please bring a small bluebook or greenbook, a Scantron form #882E, #2 pencils, and pens. You will need to use pencils for the Scantron form and pens for the blue/greenbook. If you must write in pencil in the blue/greenbook, make sure it is dark and sharp enough to be read clearly. I will not allow any electronic devises to be visible during the exam.If I see one out in the classroom, you will flunk the exam. I strongly prefer that no one leave the room while they are still taking the exam. If you must, you will need to ask permission. Once you have completed the exam, turn it in and you may leave. Part I (50 points) In this section of the exam you will be given twenty-five true/false and multiple-choice questions based on the lectures only. These will only cover lectures SINCE the first midterm. Each answer is worth two points. Part II (50 points)In this section of the exam you will be given two of the following questions on the day of the exam and asked to write on only one of them. Your essay should be well developed, with an introduction that contains a precise thesis statement, an essay body that proves that thesis, and a conclusion that summarizes your argument and points out its historical significance. I expect the essays to be based on the lecture material. 1. The home front period of World War I and the year following the war (1917-1919) was marked by wide-scale patriotism, mass unity, and relative peace and calm.Write an essay that explores if and why the historical evidence supports or refutes that statement. 2. Many Americans in the mid-1920s could not have imagined in the near future an end to the economic prosperity, Republican dominance of national politics, and cultural conflict. Describe why they would have thought that why (that is, what were the 1920s like for each of these issues), how these issues were already changing prior to the Great De pression, and how and why the Great Depression fundamentally changed them. . After briefly describing how and why the Great Depression affected the United States, discuss how both Presidents Hoover and Roosevelt dealt with the Depression. Which approach proved more popular and effective and why. 4. Write an essay that addresses what the New Deal sought to accomplish. You will want to discuss what it broadly sought to do, and particularly how it addressed issues such as housing, workers, the elderly, and electrification. What is its legacy? . Why did the United States become involved in World War II? You will want to discuss both the issues drawing the United States into the European conflict and how it became involved with Japan in the Pacific. How did both the European and Pacific wars come to an end? Reading Quiz Attached to the exam will be a reading quiz, covering Beals through page 154. There will be twelve, multiple-choice and true/false questions. Answer them on the back of t he Scantron form.

Banksy’s Artwork in Detroit

Once again, all of the pieces Banksy put up in Detroit have either been destroyed by the owners of the walls upon which they were created – not knowing the signiflcance of the work – by Individuals looking to profit from the sale of the work, or, in the case of this image, ‘preserved,' significantly altered, or ‘destroyed' – depending on one's perspective – by individuals in the community seeking to save them from their Inevitable destruction, It Is equally Important to recognize that they surely (and undoubtedly) would have been destroyed in one way or another.Street rt is one of the only – if not the only – plastic arts that embrace's its own eventual demise. It Is, In other words, and Its practitioners are eminently aware of this, inherently ephemeral. As this [SLIDE – GO SLOW HERE] sequence of images [SLIDE] by a Street Artist known as Mobstr indicates. [SLIDE] The inherent ephemerality [SLIDE] of these works of art Is the result [SLIDE] of a relatively unique set of contextual circumstances [SLIDE] and social relationships of power within which most street artists ply their trade. [SLIDE] Just now, I referred to these pieces as works of art and I believe that that's how they should be regarded.Not as vandalism, not as a crime, not as a nuisance, or blight – however all of these descriptors are accurate, once again, depending on one's perspective. There is no other contemporary art movement that works at the same scope [SLIDE] and grandeur as street artists' do. They consider walls that sometimes stretch horizontally [SLIDE] for entire city blocks as a canvas of massive proportion. They see the blank concrete of a high rise and think of It not as private property, or the structure of someone's home or business, but as a concrete canvas.The sheer size, complexity, [SLIDE] and detail involved in ome of street art's most notable exemplars qualifies it as an artform par excellence. However, In the eyes of the law, the majority of property owners. or In the by laws of municipal city councils, this is, for the most part, not the case. Once again, and for the most part, in the eyes of the law [SLIDE], street art is vandalism and property damage that upsets the stability of city life and the sensibility of city dwellers, making them fear for their safety on the streets of their city.From this perspective, street art needs to be eradicated, erased, and/or tuffed out,' as the terminology of the street calls It, as soon as possible. Removing graffiti and street art Is akin to fixing the broken windows that, if left unrepaired, as the infamous story told by Wilson and Kelling goes, will lead to further crime, disregard for private property, the apparent safety of others, and an overall degeneration of the city as a space reserved almost exclusively, according to David Harvey, for commerce and private property rights.Succinctly, then, the life expectancy of a piece of street art [ SLIDE] is very short. It is around buffing out the work of street artists, however. There are at least four other factors that make the work of street artists inherently ephemeral. In addition to municipal officers buffing out pieces, the second factor limiting the life expectancy of street art, are property owners themselves [SLIDE]. When a piece of private property gets tagged without the permission of the property owner, the inclination of the property owner is to get to rid of what they consider to be vandalism as soon as possible.This is especially the case when the owner isn't aware of the value of certain pieces. This one [SLIDE], done by Banksy in Melbourne, Australia, was apparently destroyed when, someone's father was house sitting and he thought he would do his son-in-law a favour by getting rid of it. However, and generally speaking, the commercial value of street art by the vast majority of street artists, save a very select few, is close to nil. If you're a street arti st and you're not Banksy, you breaking proverbial windows all the time.Property owners, then, seeking to maintain the aesthetic integrity of their property, are the second cause of street art's limited life expectancy. The third cause is other street artists themselves. Ever since the appearance of graffiti on the subways and walls of New York City [SLIDE] and Philadelphia in the late 70s and early 80s, graffiti and street art have been caught up n a clandestine contest that revolves around territoriality, prestige, ego, and fame, based on the courage and capacity to get one's tag up in the most dangerous and visible locations possible.Looked at from these five different perspectives, street art is one of the few ‘plastic arts' that is planned, designed, and created in full knowledge that the end product will, in one way or another, disappear or be destroyed over time – and in some instances, very short periods of time. This inherent ephemerality is, of course, where th e digital camera and the Internet become incredibly important implements in the treet artist's quiver.As much as these artists are reliant on the physical qualities of cinder block, concrete, wood, and steel, to exercise their creative vision, they are equally reliant on the immaterial, virtual, and distributed hardware and software characteristic of the Web 2. 0 era, to document that which in all likelihood, and in the very near future, will disappear for one of the five reasons listed above.Taking into account the ephemeral transience of street art from the perspective of the artists themselves, these same artists can, then, as much as they are regarded as street rtists, also be regarded as digital artists, digital photographers, albeit digital artists and photographers that go to great lengths, and put themselves at great risk, in the preparation of their compositions.This point is important enough to recognize, but to stop here would be to cut short a more in depth examination o f the practice of creating street art and the absolute importance of the concrete yet entirely transient and stochastic qualities of the urban canvas to the art form. As I hope to demonstrate, the vagaries of the urban fabric serve only to reinforce the point Just ade regarding the importance of the digital camera and the Internet.AWKWARD – The very particular qualities of the surfaces upon which this kind of art is produced – the individual qualities of very particular walls – and the either serendipitous or pre- planned incorporation of trash, foliage, or other elements of the natural (or stretched canvas upon which other forms of art are produced – play an incredibly important role in the creation of street art. Reciprocally, and at the same time, they also underscore the importance of the digital camera, the digital photograph, and the Internet to the preservation and dissemination of the works themselves.I think this can best be explained by referenc e to the photographs themselves. If we look at this piece by Banksy for instance, [SLIDE] created in the run up to the London Olympics in 2012 and around the same time as his ‘Slave Labour' piece, we see a pole-vaulter falling backwards, not quite making it over the barbed wire fence and onto the discarded mattress below. For the time being, I'm less interested in a semiotic reading of the piece than I am in paying attention to the actual physical things that play a part in the construction of this semiotic meaning.The mattress and the fence are absolutely integral elements of the piece. They are as important to the work as the pole and the pole-vaulter. If absent, for whatever reason, the piece itself wouldn't be the same piece. Or, rather, it would be an entirely different piece, with an entirely different meaning. For instance, after this photograph was taken, there is a good chance that the mattress might have been discarded, the fence taken down in order to install the re quisite Plexiglas. The point being, that the artist has obviously deemed these elements of the urban fabric to be elemental to the overall work itself.If removed or altered in any way, as they surely will be, the work is no longer that of the artist. Much like deleting scenes from Hamlet would fundamentally alter the play as Shakespeare intended it, removing the mattress alters the piece as Banksy intended it. If the mattress goes missing, is moved, or shifted, the artwork, as the artist envisioned and created it, is no longer. This example [SLIDE] too, indicates how important the actual elements of the urban fabric are to the piece. They are intricately woven into the artwork itself.This is becoming ever more important and prominent in Banksys work and†¦ f I can speculate for a moment, I think this has everything to do with his politics – I presume he's a ‘he' at least – it has everything to do with his politics, the market value of his work, and the propen sity of property owners to remove it and auction if off, or of municipal councils to put it behind Plexiglas. So what would happen if this wall was cut out and moved to a gallery, into a private salon, or placed behind Plexiglas? Or what if we simply come back in Winter?Well, of course, the flowers that this boy is vomiting would die. They would either be uprooted and killed, squashed behind the Perspex and killed, or in time, and as a esult of the elements, die of natural causes. This is, of course, in addition to, and on top of, the fact that the piece itself has a very limited shelf life for the five reasons described above. As mentioned previously, once the work of street art is finished, the artist responsible for its production turns his/her back on it, in effect abandoning the work, leaving it to live or die as the street sees fit.Before doing so, however, and for the most part†¦ The work, as the artist intended it (and as he/she created it), is documented with a photogr aph. This practice too has its historical lineage. SLIDE] These are slides taken by Martha Cooper, a photographer, along with Harry Chalfant, responsible for archiving the early history of graffiti on the streets of this fair city we all find ourselves in today. Without the photographs of Cooper and Chalfant, not to mention the artists themselves, this important stage in the history of arguably one of preserved for us to see today.The photographic record of these inherently ephemeral works, then, preserves them and at least some of the context within which they existed at the time of their creation. In a manner of speaking, then, not only oes the digital photograph enable the preservation and dissemination of the artwork in a state that the artist obviously approved of, but the physical act of taking the digital photograph is the final brush stroke that signifies the piece is finished and the artist is done with his/her work. The moment at which he/she can turn around and walk away. Much like an oil painter who, when the canvas is completed to his/her satisfaction puts his/her name to the piece [SLIDE], the digital photograph serves as the street artist's signature of sorts. [SLIDE]lt signifies that the work is as the artist ntended it and that, in the state it was when the photograph was taken, is complete. So, again, similar to the signature in the top right corner of the Picasso, the signature is a sign that signifies the painting is complete. The digital photograph plays much the same role.Once again, it functions in much the same way as the artist's signature in that it denotes that the artist is happy with the result and the scene looks as it should. One of the more provocative questions that this pushes to the fore of our investigation, is, then, what if the piece is altered or removed from the context in which it was created for any reason whatsoever? SLIDE]. Extracted from the broader landscape that plays such a pivotal role in its interpretation and m eaning. Does it continue to be a Banksy for instance? And I think there's a very good argument that it does not.Doesn't the digital photograph of the work – in the place where the artist created it and inclusive of the elements so pivotal to its meaning – more accurately represent the artwork than the ‘salvaged' (or preserved) work [SLIDE] when it's placed in the white cube ofa gallery? And I think the answer is, yes, yes it does. If this is the case, then, the photograph serves not only as the signature of the artist, but because f the ephemeral nature of the work and the resolute importance of the surroundings to it's meaning also as a work of art itself – albeit one that reciprocally depends on spray paint to be completed.As mentioned earlier, in these instances, the street artist can be equally considered a digital artist, albeit a digital artist that goes to great lengths and puts him/herself at great personal risk in the preparation of their composit ions. This piece [SLIDE] was placed inside the perimeter of the dilapidated and abandoned confines of a Packard Assembly plant – a 3-and-a-half illion square foot ruin [SLIDE] on the south east side of metro Detroit. To be honest, and in my opinion, the piece itself isn't one of Banksys best [SLIDE].It is, however, notable because it makes specific and pointed reference to the very particular and exact location in which it was created. It is, much like a lot of his more recent work, heavily context dependent. â€Å"l remember when all this was trees. † And it is this this' [SLIDE] that I think distinguishes this piece. At the end of the process of filling in the stencil, and writing the phrase, Banksy metaphorically signs the piece by taking a hotograph of it. And he takes the photograph of the piece as he wanted it to look – knowing full well that it will probably disappear in the near term.The stencil itself is frame left, [SLIDE] with the ruins occupying fram e right, inviting the viewer of the photograph to complete the story the boy is telling by following the implicit directions offered in the word bubble. This is how Banksy wanted us to see the piece. This is he wanted it interpreted. The location and the broader context in which it is placed is, in fact, as important (or more so) than the image of the boy himself. This photograph, then, is a more accurate representation of the artwork in the way the artist created it than the actual piece that is now housed in a Gallery in South West Detroit.The only thing that marks the place of the original – in January of 2012 at least [SLIDE] – this too has probably changed – is an odd tangle of colourful fabric whose origins and purpose are impossible to verify – other than the fact that they are placed at the exact location where the piece was once located. Completely extracted [SLIDE] from the context that constitutes an incredibly important part of the canvas' its elf, the meaning of the piece as the artist intended it, no longer makes sense.Or perhaps, and rather, it still makes sense, but the sense that is now being made is not that intended by its creator, but, rather, by those persons who ‘saved' it from its eventual destruction†¦ or by somewhat obsessed academics like myself. Therefore, by moving the piece and extracting it from the place that is part and parcel of itself – that plays such an important role in the work – those individuals that preserved it, or saved a relatively small portion of the piece, did so by means of destroying the larger piece which might include the 3. million square feet that constitute the abandoned factorys footprint.In the absence of these 3. 5 million square feet, we no longer have a piece of street art by Banksy, but a roughly 7†² x 7†² corner of a piece that forms part of a much larger work of art. The fact that the photograph is also a poor representation of these 3-an d-a-half million square feet is something I'm still thinking through†¦ To concluders however, and completely omitting from consideration any conversation regarding the ephemeral nature of street art in relation to Benjamin's notion of the ‘aura' as it relates to works of art that o longer in exist, something I'm going to take up in my book†¦ s a result of the ephemeral nature of street art and the fact that the urban canvas is part and parcel of the artwork itself†¦ I would like to conclude by reiterating that as much as street artist's can be thought of as artists that work within (and with! ) the very concrete confines and materials of the urban fabric, they can also, and perhaps better, be thought of as digital artists that go to great lengths in the preparation of their compositions. Thank you so much for your time and attention today. YouVe no idea how much I appreciate them both.

Ethnical malaysia essays

Ethnical malaysia essays Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu Unity is Strength There are several ethnicities in modern-day Malaysia. The majority consists of Malays, Chinese and Indians, but there are many smaller groups, mainly from other parts of Asia. This multiethnic society evolved as different waves of people moved into the country. The first people who lived in Malaysia, peninsular Malaysia and the Bornean states, were believed to be a people known as Orang Asli. These natives lived around 2500-1500 BC. In more modern times, immigrants have been settling in Malaysia continuously. This essay will briefly describe the history of Malaysia and discuss the significance of the ethnic groups living there. In the centuries before Islam came to Malaysia, Hindu-Buddhist influence was strong. By 1400, when the Malacca Sultanate was at the height of its power, Islam had become a major influence. By 1511, Malacca was defeated by the Portuguese. Meanwhile, the Dutch had been establishing their influence and presence in Java. By 1641, the Dutch had also taken over Malacca but they lost it to the British who had been slowly uniting their hold on the Malay states following Francis Lights arrival in Penang in 1786. In 1815, Malacca was under British rule and in 1819 Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles founded Singapore. After this, through treaties and by harsh political pressure, the British slowly extended their control over all the states of the Malay Peninsula. Sarawak, in northern Borneo (once part of the Sultan of Bruneis Empire), was ruled by a British adventurer named James Brooke and his family in 1841. In 1888, Sarawak and Sabah became British protectorates. By the 1920s, all the states that eventually made up Malaysia were under British control. The first risings of Malaysian nationalism were felt in the 1930s until the end of the Second World War, leading to the independence of the Fe...

Conjugation of the Spanish Verb Salir

Conjugation of the Spanish Verb Salir Salir, a common verb that typically means to leave, to exit or to depart, is irregular in ways that few verbs are. A -ga- or -dr- is inserted in some endings in ways that arent predictable. The only frequently used verb that is conjugated in the same way as salir is sobresalir, which usually means to stand out or to tower above. Two rare verbs, also based on salir, share the conjugation. They are resalir (an architectural term for emphasizing a feature in a building) and asalir (to leave for a meeting). Irregular forms aestabanre shown below in boldface. Translations are given as a guide and in real life may vary with context. Infinitive of Salir salir (to leave) Gerund of Salir saliendo (leaving) Participle of Salir salido (left) Present Indicative of Salir yo salgo, tà º sales, usted/à ©l/ella sale, nosotros/as salimos, vosotros/as salà ­s, ustedes/ellos/ellas salen (I leave, you leave, he leaves, etc.) Preterite of Salir yo salà ­, tà º saliste, usted/à ©l/ella salià ³, nosotros/as salimos, vosotros/as salisteis, ustedes/ellos/ellas salieron (I left, you left, she left, etc.) Imperfect Indicative of Salir yo salà ­a, tà º salà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella salà ­a, nosotros/as salà ­amos, vosotros/as salà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas salà ­an (I used to leave, you used to leave, he used to leave, etc.) Future Indicative of Salir yo saldrà ©, tà º saldrs, usted/à ©l/ella saldr, nosotros/as saldremos, vosotros/as saldrà ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas saldrn (I will leave, you will leave, he will leave, etc.) Conditional of Salir yo saldrà ­a, tà º saldrà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella saldrà ­a, nosotros/as saldrà ­amos, vosotros/as saldrà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas saldrà ­an (I would leave, you would leave, she would leave, etc.) Present Subjunctive of Salir que yo salga, que tà º salgas, que usted/à ©l/ella salga, que nosotros/as salgamos, que vosotros/as salgis, que ustedes/ellos/ellas salgan (that I leave, that you leave, that she leave, etc.) Imperfect Subjunctive of Salir que yo saliera (saliese), que tà º salieras (salieses), que usted/à ©l/ella saliera (saliese), que nosotros/as salià ©ramos (salià ©semos), que vosotros/as salierais (salieseis), que ustedes/ellos/ellas salieran (saliesen) (that I left, that you left, that he left, etc.) Imperative of Salir sal (tà º), no salgas (tà º), salga (usted), salgamos (nosotros/as), salid (vosotros/as), no salgis (vosotros/as), salgan (ustedes) (leave, dont leave, leave, lets leave, etc.) Compound Tenses of Salir The perfect tenses are made by using the appropriate form of haber and the past participle, salido. The progressive tenses use estar with the gerund, saliendo. Sample Sentences Showing Conjugation of Salir Nadie los vio salir. (Nobody saw them leave. Infinitive.) Inglaterra ha salido de la institucià ³n europea, pero no ha salido de la economà ­a europea. (England has left the European institution, but it hasnt left the European economy. Present perfect.)  ¿Quià ©n dice que hemos salido de la crisis econà ³mica? (Who says that we are out of the economic crisis? Literally, who says that we have left the economic crisis? Present perfect.)   Las cosas se estaban saliendo de control. (Things were going out of control. Present progressive using the gerund.) A esa hora, en la costa oriental de Estados Unidos, la Luna estar ponià ©ndose y el Sol estar saliendo. (At that time on the east coast of the United States, the moon will be setting and the sun will be rising. Future progressive.) Salgo de mi trabajo a las tres de la maà ±ana. (I get off work at 3 a.m. Present indicative.) Los buses salen cada 20 minutos. (The buses leave every 20 minutes. Present indicative.) Todos los estudiantes salieron con lgrimas en los ojos. (All the students left with tears in their eyes. Preterite.) Podà ­as ver cà ³mo le salà ­a sangre de sus ojos. (You could see there was blood coming out of her eyes. Imperfect.) La verdad saldr a la luz. (The truth will come to light. Future.) No saldrà © si mi padre no quiere que salga. (I will not leave if my father doesnt want me to.  (Future,  present subjunctive.) Aunque hacer helados caseros no es excesivamente complicado, lo cierto es que se necesita un equipamiento bsico para que salgan lo ms deliciosos posible. (Although making home-made ice cream treats isnt especially complicated, it is certain that you need basic equipment so they turn out as delicious as possible. Present subjunctive.)  ¿Que pasarà ­a si la Tierra se saliera de su à ³rbita? (What would happen if the Earth left its orbit? Imperfect subjunctive.) Si salià ©semos a la calle a preguntar por la mejor serie de videojuegos de basket, probablemente 9 de cada 10 nos responderà ­an â€Å"NBA 2K†. (If we were to go out on the street to ask what is the best basketball game video series, probably nine out of 10 would respond with â€Å"NBA 2K.† Imperfect subjunctive.) S​al ahora de tu zona de confort. (Get out of your comfort zone now. Imperative.) No salgis de allà ­ hasta que encontremos lo que queremos saber. (Dont leave from there until we find out what we want to know. Negative imperative.)

Schroeder Surname Meaning and Family History

Schroeder Surname Meaning and Family History The German last name Schrà ¶der  or Schroeder is an occupational name for a tailor or cutter of cloth, from the Middle Low German schroden or schraden, meaning to cut. In northern Germany, Schroeder was sometimes translated as drayman, or one who delivered beer and wine. Schrà ¶der  is the 16th most common German surname. Surname Origin: German Alternate Surname Spellings:  SCHRÃâ€"DER,  SCHRODER, SCHRADER, SCHRØDER Famous People with the SCHROEDER  Surname Richard Bartlett Ricky  Schroder, Jr. - American actor and film directorFriedrich Ludwig Schrà ¶der - German actor and prominent masonic  leaderAbel Schrà ¸der - Danish woodcarverChrista Schroeder - personal secretary to Adolph HitlerErnst Schrà ¶der  - German mathematician Where is the SCHROEDER  Surname Most Common? Surname maps from Verwandt.de indicate the  Schrà ¶der surname  is most common in northwestern Germany, especially in areas such as Hamburg, Region Hannover, Bremen, Lippe, Diepholz, Herford, Rendsburg-Eckernfà ¶rde, Mrkischer Kreis and  Hochsauerlandkreis. Surname distribution maps  from  Forebears  do not specifically address the  Schrà ¶der spelling but indicate that the surname Shroder is most prevalent in Germany (although not as common as Schroeder), while the majority of individuals with the Schroeder spelling live in the United States. Based on population percentage, however, Schroeder is a much more common surname in Germany and is especially common in Luxembourg, where it ranks as the 10th most common surname in the country. Data from WorldNames PublicProfiler varies (probably based on the interpretation of the umlaut spelling), pointing to Schroder being most prolific in Germany, followed by Denmark, Norway, Austria, and the Netherlands, while Shroeder is by far the most common in Luxembourg, followed by the United States. Genealogy Resources for the Surname SCHROEDER Meanings of Common German SurnamesUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common German surnames. Schroeder  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Schroeder  family crest or coat of arms for the Schroeder surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. SCHROEDER  Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Schroeder  ancestors around the world. DistantCousin.com - SCHROEDER  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Schroeder. GeneaNet - Schroeder  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Schroeder  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Schroeder  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Schroeder  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Sources Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Reducing Stress and Enhancing Productivity through effective workspace Essay - 1

Reducing Stress and Enhancing Productivity through effective workspace Design, provision and organisation for A Bank HQ Building - Essay Example As if not enough, desirable work place environments has shaped the building design paradigms in certain ways, including the necessitation of incorporation of aspects pertaining to efficiency, as well as a reduction of stress at the work place (Broberg,1997). Indeed, in the current world, building designs concepts and building designs are arguably inseparable. Building design concepts are inclined on coming up with designs of equipment and devises, including buildings that are suitable for human operations. Such are subject to body movement, not to forget, the bodies’ cognitive abilities. Thus, the objective of desirable design concept is to foster productivity while fulfilling the health requirements. As such, the desirable design concept is most appreciable when designing products such as equipment and furniture, as well as machines that contain interfaces that are not only reliable, but easy for use (Broberg, 1997). Clearly, this relate to building designs. Nevertheless, considering that people have varied physical and cognitive capabilities, the subject of satisfactory building designs may not be fully explored without inclusivity. It is indispensable that buildings designs have to put into considerations the needs of people with disabilities such as the deaf, the blind, and those on wheelchairs. Inclusivity is a point that most architects have to put into consideration, especially when the underlying goal is to design buildings that could be accessed by all groups of people with prompting customization. What is worth noting is that desirable inclusive designs should be fit all equality groups although emphasis may be laid on disabled people. On the other hand, it is limiting to design buildings based on certain concepts and inclusivity alone. Other elements of desirable building designs, especially office areas, include Safety, security, sustainability , Comfort,

Developmental Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Developmental Evaluation - Essay Example Researches have been conducted and theories have been articulated to assess and evaluate the cognitive, motivational and mental development of individuals. The same has been estimated by conducting a research on the individual under study. Based on the method of participant observation, the present study focuses on Mr. Andrew, an individual under study, hereinafter will be called as subject. The subject is an old man of ninety seven years having short height and thin body with weight only fifty two kg. He maintains grey hair as well as wrinkled countenance and hands; even then he enjoys sound health, and undergoes no impediment or physical difficulty while moving from one place to another. Further, there is no disability in his vocal, visual or aural fitness even at such an old age. He can easily understand the words delivered by others while interacting with him. In the same way, he can easily communicate his message to others without any complexity or intricacy. Thus, he is an individual full of energy and passion. The observation starts right from the subjects meeting with the members of his family and friends who have called on his residence at some special occasion. It took three and half hours during the whole course of observation. The subject has been living with one of his sons and grand-children, but is not in very good terms with them with whom he has been staying. It is therefore he looks at ease while communicating with his other children and grandchildren, who have not been living with him and have arrived just to see him and wish him on fathers day. His behavior while interacting with the guests presents him as a jovial, genial and amiable fellow, though his being reserved with the members living in his residence depict his dual personality. It is a pleasant evening of March, when the subject welcomes his children and grand-children at his house. He is seen sitting on a sofa

Introdction to sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introdction to sociology - Essay Example Both group of people experience life is continually changing and both find it difficult to control, but they differ on the perspectives. Strategies should be formulated as it gives some sort of control and forward planning in life but such households are few. Such people attempt to ‘make out’ while others are just ‘getting by’. Every individual and household has to encounter contingencies and both planner and non-planners have to cope with it. The ones who plan find it easier to cope with changed situations while the non-planners have to struggle. Most people just try to ‘get by’ which is not advisable. Most of the people have to experience both the situations in their lives but ultimately some sort of forward planning does make life easier. In the educational field it operates via the process of individualization or choice and through the characteristics of the cultural and social capital. A research on the different market forces in education revealed that the teachers, parents and managers have different priorities, values and skills (Gerwitz, Ball & Bowe). These govern the local markets. The authors contend that the goods should be distributed according to merit or those families deserve it that are motivated to take advantage of the policy of open enrolment. The other definition is need-based which implies that resources should go to those in need of it and those who have fewer resources in the home and community to meet educational needs. The main findings of the study suggest that the schools are keen to meet the perceived demands of the parents and the market is middle-class oriented. Parental choice of school is based on race and class. They also have the capacity to exploit the market to their children’s advantage. Since schools are funded on the basis of the number of students. Locality holds no importance. The skilled and

Change and Development in the English Language Essay

Change and Development in the English Language - Essay Example In an analysis of the linguistic features of the Early Modern English in connection with the language of Shakespearean plays, it becomes obvious that the language used by Shakespeare belongs to the early years of Modern English and there is nothing standard about the orthography in Shakespearean English, a feature he shared with the Early Modern English.   An analysis of the two extracts from Shakespeare’s plays – King Lear, Act IV, Scene 6 and Henry V, Act III, Scene 2 – confirms that Shakespearean English illustrates the features of Early Modern English.One of the most essential examples of the change and development of the English language through the modern period is provided by the Shakespearean plays are and his plays are frequently termed as ‘modern’. Significantly, the English language has developed through various ages and the growth of the language during the early modern period can be best comprehended in a profound analysis of Shakespearean plays. Although there is an essential issue concerning Shakespeare’s connections with modernity as it is difficult to determine precisely when modernity began, the plays by Shakespeare provide the best example of modern English in its earliest times. In an analysis of the linguistic features of the Early Modern English in connection with the langu age of Shakespearean plays, it becomes obvious that the language used by Shakespeare belongs to the early years of Modern English and there is nothing standard about the orthography in Shakespearean English, a feature he shared with the Early Modern English.

International Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business - Case Study Example 'The art of living well' philosophy has history, tradition, elegance with modernity and Asians like to buy such lifestyles. Arnault, with his exclusive talent for spotting creative capability, will find extraordinarily talented Asians who could expand his creative store. Artists, frequent travellers, appreciators of arts, connoisseurs and admirers of modernity will fall into the hireable category. Arnault will not find either the market or the expanded business too overwhelming to handle but the first requirement would be to learn the industrial culture of the market place. Industrial culture is usually linked with national culture. "National culture consists of the distinctive shared values, attitudes, assumptions, beliefs and norms of the inhabitants of a nation which guide their behaviourIndustry culture can be defined as the values attitudes, assumptions, beliefs and norms that influence the ways in which the firms in a particular industry conduct their business," Stonehouse (2004, p.53). Getting into an unknown market always poses daunting problems. In addition to the other usual problems, there are already players in the field who have established themselves by now. "On the face of it, the disadvantages of being a late entrant seem overwhelming. Management thinkers concluded long ago that the dominance of today's global giants is rooted in their first-mover status," Bartlet et al (2004, p.85). Still for a person of Arnault's reputation, strategic moves should be easier than others. Arnault has to go into global strategic management in a culturally diversified field. His strategy should be for change and globalisation with a difference. He is already an expert in managing across borders with new organisational responses. Now he has to adopt a strategy of business in a world of nations disregarding the stereotyped myths. He has to inculcate new values, morality and strategic ethics into the branching out portion of his business so that it could meet the cultural needs and profile of Eastern nations. There should be a new manifesto for management and leadership in a new environment. There should be strategic training for prospective staff about the cultural, educational and business background of the Asian countries. It will be a diversified organisation with many Asians being part of the workforce and they should be handled by managers who have knowledge and expertise in ways of discussion, negotiation, socialisation, beliefs, trusts, all-pervading religions, and should understand the difference between Western and Eastern values and customs. Marketing and establishing the brand name, advertising and presenting have to incorporate some differences so as to meet the Eastern approval. The manager has to adopt a certain amount of work cultural elasticity to accommodate people from other backgrounds which will make it easier to understand their ways of marketing, impression creating, using their brand ambassadors (Sub-continent would admire a Kareena Kapoor selling the handbag instead of Nicole Kidman!), their timings and business events etc. With all those precautions, every move cannot be predetermined and the manager has to

History Final Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History Final - Scholarship Essay Example Nativism typically means "opposition to immigration" or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups because they are considered hostile and alien. It marked politics in the mid-19th century United States because of the large inflows of immigrants from cultures that were markedly different from the pre-existing American culture. These efforts were based on fears that the immigrants will distort or spoil existing cultural values. Nativistic movements can allow cultural survival in situations where immigrants greatly outnumber the original inhabitants of a certain place. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by Abraham Lincoln declaring the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863 (issued September 22, 1862), in the ten states that was named in the second order that was issued on January 1, 1863. The Proclamation provided the legal framework for the emancipation of nearly all four million slaves as the Union armies advanced, and committed the Union to ending slavery. However, the Proclamation did not make slavery illegal. Nevertheless, several slave states passed legislation prohibiting slavery, yet slavery continued to be legal in a few sates until December 18, 1865, when the Third Amendment was enacted. The Proclamation ended slavery and paved the way for the legislation of a law that prohibits slavery in all states. The Seneca Falls Convention The Seneca Falls Convention was an early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York from July 19 to July 20, 1948. It was a single step in the continuing efforts by women to gain for themselves a greater proportion of social, civil and moral rights. The push for women's suffrage first gained national prominence at this moment. By 1851, at the second National Women's Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts, the issue of women's right to vote had become a central tenet of the women's rights movement. John Brown John Brown, born on May 9, 1800, was an American abolitionist and folk hero who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry in 1859. His attempt at Harper's Ferry to start a liberation movement among enslaved African Americans electrified the nation. He was tried for treason against the state of Virginia, the murder of five proslavery Southerners, and inciting a slave insurrection and was subsequently hanged. Southerners alleged that his rebellion was the tip of the abolitionist iceberg and represented the wishes of the Republican Party. Historians agree that the Harper's Ferry raid escalated tensions and that a year later led to secession and the American Civil War. What were the major consequences of the Mexican War' How did it affect the politics in the United States in the long term' Mexico was forced to give up a vast territory, now the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, to the United States. The original settlers of the ceased land were left without a home; families were split in half; livelihoods

International Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business - Case Study Example 'The art of living well' philosophy has history, tradition, elegance with modernity and Asians like to buy such lifestyles. Arnault, with his exclusive talent for spotting creative capability, will find extraordinarily talented Asians who could expand his creative store. Artists, frequent travellers, appreciators of arts, connoisseurs and admirers of modernity will fall into the hireable category. Arnault will not find either the market or the expanded business too overwhelming to handle but the first requirement would be to learn the industrial culture of the market place. Industrial culture is usually linked with national culture. "National culture consists of the distinctive shared values, attitudes, assumptions, beliefs and norms of the inhabitants of a nation which guide their behaviourIndustry culture can be defined as the values attitudes, assumptions, beliefs and norms that influence the ways in which the firms in a particular industry conduct their business," Stonehouse (2004, p.53). Getting into an unknown market always poses daunting problems. In addition to the other usual problems, there are already players in the field who have established themselves by now. "On the face of it, the disadvantages of being a late entrant seem overwhelming. Management thinkers concluded long ago that the dominance of today's global giants is rooted in their first-mover status," Bartlet et al (2004, p.85). Still for a person of Arnault's reputation, strategic moves should be easier than others. Arnault has to go into global strategic management in a culturally diversified field. His strategy should be for change and globalisation with a difference. He is already an expert in managing across borders with new organisational responses. Now he has to adopt a strategy of business in a world of nations disregarding the stereotyped myths. He has to inculcate new values, morality and strategic ethics into the branching out portion of his business so that it could meet the cultural needs and profile of Eastern nations. There should be a new manifesto for management and leadership in a new environment. There should be strategic training for prospective staff about the cultural, educational and business background of the Asian countries. It will be a diversified organisation with many Asians being part of the workforce and they should be handled by managers who have knowledge and expertise in ways of discussion, negotiation, socialisation, beliefs, trusts, all-pervading religions, and should understand the difference between Western and Eastern values and customs. Marketing and establishing the brand name, advertising and presenting have to incorporate some differences so as to meet the Eastern approval. The manager has to adopt a certain amount of work cultural elasticity to accommodate people from other backgrounds which will make it easier to understand their ways of marketing, impression creating, using their brand ambassadors (Sub-continent would admire a Kareena Kapoor selling the handbag instead of Nicole Kidman!), their timings and business events etc. With all those precautions, every move cannot be predetermined and the manager has to

Introduction to the Jamaican Legal System Essay Example for Free

Introduction to the Jamaican Legal System Essay Legal Sources -Rules of law are derived from various sources in English Law. These include, The Constitution of Jamaica, legislation, judicial precedents, certain ancient textbooks among others. The Constitution of Jamaica: The Jamaican Constitution is the Supreme Law of the land of Jamaica and all other laws must conform with the Constitution or they will be struck down.1 In 2011 a new Charter of rights was passed by Parliament, known as The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (Constitutional Amendment) Act, 2010 This significantly changed Chapter III of the Constitution. â€Å"Traditional human rights protected by our old arrangements, such as the rights to life, liberty, property, freedom of conscience, expression and movement remain protected by the new Charter. Additionally, we now have constitutional rights to equitable and humane treatment by public authorities, not be discriminated against on the grounds of religion, social class or being male or female, to vote in free and fair elections and to be granted a passport. The latter goes hand in hand with the now constitutionally recognized right to leave the island, previously excluded. The Charter provides a number of more modern rights, including the right of every child to public primary education and the right to enjoy a healthy and productive environment free from the threat of injury or damage from environmental abuse and degradation of the ecological heritage. These seemingly ambitious rights are nonetheless enforceable by the Charters express provision for redress, not just against the state but also in citizen versus citizen litigation. Claims may be brought by the person aggrieved or by civic organizations with the permission of the court, where there is an allegation that any of the provisions of the Charter has been, is being or is likely to be contravened.† The Judiciary is the branch of government that is primarily responsible for interpreting the law. The Structure of the Jamaican Court System1 The Courts have been given the duty under the Constitution to examine activities undertaken by the State and determine if acts by the State through its various agents are inconsistent with the Constitution and therefore of no legal effect. Acts of Parliament are also subject to review by the Courts to see if there is any inconsistency with the Constitution. The Constitution of Jamaica provides for the establishment of the Supreme Court as a Court of Origination. Decisions of the Supreme Court upon appeal are heard by the Court of Appeal which is the highest Court physically located in Jamaica, however under the Constitution, the highest Court in the Jamaican Court Structure and the final Court of Appeal from decisions of the Court of Appeal is the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which is based in England. There are other Courts that are not created by the Constitution and have been created by Acts of Parliament. The Court System is looked at below. Petty Session The Petty Session Court is presided over by three Justices of the Peace. These are not Attorneys-at-Law. They preside over petty matters. These include pickpocketting, common assault and use of indecent language.

Satisfaction Rates Among Outpatients of Hospital

Satisfaction Rates Among Outpatients of Hospital Assessment of satisfaction among outpatient department (OPD) patients visiting tertiary level government hospital ABSTRACT Background Selection of an appropriate health care and measurement of its quality is very complex and elusive yet the tools of its measurement have been improving. It is easier to evaluate the patient’s satisfaction towards the service than to evaluate the quality of medical services that they receive. (1) Therefore, a research on patient satisfaction can be an important tool to measure of health system performance and improve the quality of services. (2,3). Satisfaction manifests itself in the distribution, access and utilization of health services. Objective: The main objective of this study is to measure the satisfaction of OPD (Outpatient Department) patients in tertiary care public health facility namely Guru Gobind Singh govt. Hospital, Jamnagar, Gujarat. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from a pre-tested pre-structured questionnaire from 322 patients who gave the verbal consent at the end of their O.P.D visit at tertiary health facility, Guru Gobind Singh Government Hospital, Jamnagar for days from to. The items in the questionnaire referred to particulars of the patients such as age, gender, education, occupation, income, family type etc.; perception of patients towards doctor , paramedical staff, basic amenities and quality of care. The responses were expressed in proportions. The data was tabulated on Microsoft Excel sheet and analyzed using EPI info. Results –Although majority of patients were satisfied with the availability of medicines; availability of information on illness, treatment and prevention; doctor’s patience, compassion and dedication but most of the patients were not satisfied with the behaviour of hospital personnel ;delay in reception of investigation reports ;unhygienic toilets and improper cleanliness of hospital; and lack of availability of drinking water . INTRODUCTION Quality care is the most important dimension of public health and it has emerged as an internationally important aspect in the health care services provision. This quality of care can be measured in terms of structure, process and outcome. Structure refers to the basic infrastructure and facility, process refers to the way the care is delivered and outcome refers to the end result. (4) While measuring health outcome and quality of patient care services, patient’s satisfaction is considered to be important component. Patients’ perceptions about health care systems and his satisfaction seem to have been largely ignored by health care managers in developing countries (12). The outcome of any disease is influenced not only by the appropriate diagnostic and treatment services but also the receipt of satisfactory care from service providers. A satisfied patient is more likely to develop a deeper and longer lasting relationship with their medical provider, leading to improve compliance, continuity of care and ultimately better health outcome. But it is difficult to measure the satisfaction and gauze responsiveness of health systems as not only the clinical but also the non-clinical outcomes of care do influence the patients’ satisfaction ,(5)such as: Quality of clinical services provided, availability of medicine, behavior of doctors and other health staff, cost of services, hospital infrastructure, physical comfort, emotional support, and respect for patient preferences.(6) Mismatch between patient expectation and the service received is related to decreased satisfaction.(7) Therefore, assessing patient perspectives gives them a voice, which can make public health services more responsive to people’s needs and expectations.(8,9) In the recent past, studies on patient satisfaction gained popularity and usefulness as it provides the chance to health care providers and mangers to improve the services in the public health facilities. Patients’ feedback is necessary to identify problems that need to be resolved in improving the health services. Even if they still do not use this information systematically to improve care delivery and services, this type of feedback triggers a real interest that can lead to a change in their culture and in their perception of patients. (10) OPD is the window to any health system and OPD care indicates the quality care of hospital reà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ected by patient’s perception in terms of satisfaction to the services they are provided.(11)This study was therefore undertaken at OPDs of tertiary level health facility in Jamnagar to measure patient satisfaction. The main objective of this paper is to know the desired level of services as perceived by the patients about various components of out-door patient department (OPD) services. In this study, the OPD is defined as the hospital’s department where patients received diagnoses and/or treatment but did not stay overnight. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design: Institution based cross-sectional study. Study population: The present study was conducted among the patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) of Guru Gobind Singh government hospital, Jamnagar. Period of study: The period of survey was days from to. Sampling frame: The sampling frame consisted of the outpatient department (OPD) of Guru Gobind Singh government hospital, Jamnagar. . Sample size: fifty percent of the OPD patients. Sampling technique: random sampling technique. The sampling population was interviewed from the most frequented OPDs (Medicine, General surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paediatrics, Orthopedics, Otorhinolaryngology, Ophthalmology, Skin, Tuberculosis and Chest diseases) according to probability proportion to size based on the past years OPD attendance. Inclusion criteria: A new or referred patient attending the OPD of the respective health care facility who gave verbal consent, Exclusion criteria: Patients working in the health care facility and patients admitted (indoor patients) and follow-up patients attending the OPD of the respective health care facility, who didn’t gave verbal consent or gave incomplete information, were excluded from the study. Selection of patient: The patients attending the OPD of the respective health care facility were selected for the interview by systematic random sampling. Depending upon the previous attendance of the particular department and the time taken to complete the interview, a random number was chosen and every nth patient was selected for the interview. This process was continued till the required sample size was completed. Tools of data collection: Permission to conduct the study was taken from the superintendents of the concerned health care facility. All the patients were interviewed after they had consulted the doctor. Informed verbal consent was taken from all the participating patients before the start of the interview after telling them about the objective of the study and the approximate time that will be involved in the completion of the interview. The prescribing doctor was largely kept unaware of the procedure, except in unavoidable circumstances, to avoid the bias in their behaviour with the patient. A pre-tested pre-structured questionnaire was used to record information taking the key elements of socio-demographic characteristics and perception of the patients regarding quality of services available at the outpatient health care facility. Analysis Data was tabulated on Microsoft Excel sheet and analyzed using the software Epi Info version 6. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS:- Table 1-socio-demographic profile of the patients:- Among all the subjects interviewed during the data collection, 322 were included in the statistical analysis and the remaining were not included, because of incomplete information. A majority (56.21%) of the responders were male. The mean ages of the responders were years .About 40% of the responders were illiterate. About half (56%) belonged to a joint family. Nearly half of the study subjects belonged to the lower socioeconomic status category as per the Kuppuswamy classification. TABLE 2-PATIENTS’ PERCEPTION OF THE QUALITY OF SERVICES AVAILABLE (n =322) The results regarding each question are shown in Table 2. Most of the respondents were satisfied with the availability of medicines, also they were able to get the medicines easily. Most of the respondents agreed that complete information was provided to them on the illness, treatment, and the methods to avoid illness. Almost half (48%) of the patients were not satisfied with the politeness of the hospital personnel. More than half (61%) of the patients stated that hospital personnel were not helpful. 59 % patients said that the doctor did not give them adequate time while 60% of the patients said that the doctor has given enough time to listen completely to their complains. 57% of the patients were satisfied that the doctor has checked carefully and was readily answering their questions. Almost 50% of the patients were told that the doctor gave them adequate time and didn’t rushed. 42% patients couldn’t easily locate the place of investigation. 55% of the patients didn’t receive their reports in time. 57% of the patients were not satisfied with the cleanliness of the hospital. 69% of the patients were not satisfied with the toilet conditions. 59% of the patients stated that drinking water wasn’t available in the hospital. TABLE – 3: QUALITY OF CARE Overall 66.45% respondents termed the hospital services as satisfactory, 62.11% were satisfied with the treatment given, but 52.48% stated that the services provided were not worth the money spent, and 40.99% replied that they would not like to visit the facility again in future. [Table 3]. DISCUSSION In our current study, patients were satisfied with the ease of availability of the required medicines while in a study done by Sivalenka (13) medicine supply was an area of concern. Most of patients were satisfied with the information provided to them about illness, its treatment and prevention. Patients were not very satisfied with the behaviour of the hospital personnel .lack of monitoring of staff, due to very high patient load, could be the reason for this. It was observed during the study that the ultimate satisfaction of the patient is their rapport with the doctor. A patient forgets the pain he faces to reach the doctor if the doctor sees him with patience and compassion. In our study, most of the patients were satisfied with the behaviour of the doctor, which was similar to the result of study by Kumar et al (14). More than half of the patients were not satisfied due to the delay in reporting time of the investigations thereby increasing their waiting time which is similar to other studies (17-18). Some of the responder cited inability to locate the departments as a constraint. Lack of proper sign boards leads to difficulty in locating the departments. A good number of patients were not satisfied with the cleanliness of the hospital. Also most of them were not satisfied with the condition of the toilets. As compared with private sector, government hospitals lack in general cleanliness and hygienic toilets, thereby leading to severe patient aversion and dissatisfaction, which needs to be improved .similar findings have been observed in some other studies (13-16) As observed in our study, Overall level of satisfaction of patients towards government tertiary care health facility is low, although patients appeared to be satisfied with the doctors, which seems to be a strong reason of their still existing faith in the tertiary care government hospital. Thus we need to improve the rest of the factors so as to keep up to the expectations of the patients ,thereby try to fulfill the basic need of patient- which is readily available ,easily accessible, and satisfactory health services for all. CONCLUSIONS Efforts should be made to reduce the patient load at the tertiary level facilities so that doctors and other staff can give more attention and time to the patients. The findings of the present study can be utilized to improve the services at public health facilities of the state resulting in the more satisfaction of patients availing such public health facilities. REFERENCES (1)Study on Patient Satisfaction in the Government Allopathic Health Facilities of Lucknow District, India, Ranjeeta Kumari et al Indian Journal of Community Medicine / Vol 34 / Issue 1 / January 2009 (2) White B. Measuring patient satisfaction: how to do it and why to bother. Family Practice management [serial online] January 1999; [9 screens]. Available from: http://www.aafp.org/ fpm/990100fm/40.html. (3) How satisfied are your patients? Family Practice Management April 1998; [2 screen]. Available from: http://www.aafp.org/ fpm/980400fm/fpstats.html (4) Measuring patient satisfaction: A Cross sectional study to improve quality of care at a tertiary care hospital. – by Andrabi Syed Arshad et.al. Healthline ISSN2229-337X Volume 3 Issue 1 January-June 2012 (5) Agrawal D. Health sector reforms: Relevance in India. Indian J Community Med 2006;31:220-2. (6) Jenkinson C, Coulter A, Bruster S, Richards N, Chandola T. Patients’ experiences and satisfaction with health care: Results of a questionnaire study of specific aspects of care. Qual Saf Health Care 2002;11:335-9. (7)McKinley RK, Roberts C. Patient satisfaction with out of hours primary medical care. Qual Health Care 2001;10:23-8. (8)World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2000-Health Systems: Improving Performance. Geneva: WHO, 2000. (9) Rao KD, Peters DH, Bandeen-Roche K. Towards patient-centered health services in India- a scale to measure patient perceptions of quality. Int J Qual Health Care 2006;18:414-21. (10) 6. Boyer L, Francois P, Doutre E, Weil G, Labarere J. Perception and use of the results of patient satisfaction surveys by care providers in a French teaching hospital. Int J Qual Health Care 2006;18:359-64. (11) Assessment of Client’s Perception in Terms of Satisfaction and Service Utilization in the Central Government Health Scheme Dispensary at Kolkata, D Haldar, AP Sarkar, S Bisoi1, P Mondal2Indian Journal of Community Medicine, Vol. 33, Issue 2, April 2008 (12) Measuring Patient Satisfaction: A Case Study to Improve Quality of Care at Public Health Facilities. Prahlad Rai Sodani. Indian Journal of Community Medicine / Vol 35 / Issue 1 / January 2010 (13) Sivalenka S. Patient satisfaction surveys in public hospitals in India. Available from: http://www.rand.org. [Last accessed on 2011 Feb 16] (14) Kumari R, Idris MZ, Bhushan V, Khanna A, Agarwal M, Singh SK. Study on patient satisfaction in the government allopathic health facilities of Lucknow district, India. Indian J Comm Med 2009;34:35à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ42 (15) Peerasak L, Surasak B, Pattanawadi U. Patient satisfaction on health service at the family medicine learning centers. Chiang Mai Med Bull 2004;43:67à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ76. (16) Bhattacharya A, Prema Menon P, Vipin Koushal V, Rao KL. Study of patient satisfaction hospital in a tertiary referral hospital. J Acad Hosp Adm 2003;15:29à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ31 (17) Measuring patient satisfaction a case study to improve quality of care at public health facilities / Ind jcom. Med Vol 35 issi 1 jan 2010, 52-56. Prahlad Rai Sudani et.al. (18)Patient satisfaction with out of hours primary medical care. Quality in health care,2001;10:23-28 R K McKinley, C Roberts.

Napster :: essays research papers

As I sat in front of my computer downloading my favorite song from Napster, I started to think about how hard it must have been to write a song so sublime with the way the words flow from one another, and how talented one must be to do so. I started to think how hard people work on their music for themselves and their fans, and how their fans don’t realize what they are doing every time they download a song off the internet. What they don’t realize is that it is messing over the people who worked so hard pouring out their heart and soul into their music for everyone to enjoy. They are the people who are responsible for the music, not the people who work at Napster, or any of the other shafting music networks, who are embezzling from the people we all admire for the way they can flow out those heartwarming words. These words move us to the point that we want to cry, and sometimes do. These words we listen to when we want to go off into our own little world, and think ab out an extraordinary moment we once had that makes our sorrows disappear. These words remind us of a passed loved one who was once forgotten, and never to be again. They are the people who put their heart and soul into their music; these are people we use so selfishly and don’t even realize how much blood sweat and tears they shed just to put out quality words. They are the people we take for granted, and they are the people who sometimes take us, their fans, for granted as well, they are the artists themselves. File sharing is what it is thought as, but I don’t see it that way. I see it as theft, music theft; most commonly know as shafting. Every day people use shafting and think nothing of it. People sit in front of their computers and go to their favorite website and download file after file with out thinking how or where it comes from. They think it is just there for the taking and it is. Shafting is a trend that has just begun, but only time will tell how far it w ill go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shafting has gone further then anyone would have ever imagined, one man and his website Napster are responsible for all of this; Napster has not only changed the music industry forever; it has also changed American culture forever.

Living in the 1600 and 1700s Essay -- religion, diseases, historical a

Several people who live today have distaste for manual labor, such as farming, making crafts, laundry, or cleaning. However, all of these tasks were included in the list of daily chores for colonial children. While some detest tiring work, others cannot stand boredom. No matter how tired you were, you would still have to go to church once or twice a day on the Sabbath. The only way to get out of work would be getting sick. Because the colonists’ only medicine was from plants, the chances of dying or being scarred for life were high. If living the 1600s and 1700s could be described in one word, it would be tiresome. After all, diseases were as common as air, everyday was spent working or at least being productive in some way, and if there was time for a respite, it would be on the Sabbath, a day dedicated to God. Diseases were common and widespread in the colonies. Countless times, epidemics have struck everywhere, from major cities to small countryside. Characterized by horrid rashes, smallpox was a despised disease that existed throughout history and throughout the colonies. If y...

Contingency Theory of Leadership Essay

At my workplace we have sales goals that we have to meet and part of my job is to ensure that the staff is achieving their goals and if they are falling behind, I help them find ways to better their selling skills and recognize opportunities. In the table below, categorize different leadership approaches that could be used in the work environment you have described. Provide different suggestions for each of the four approaches to leadership. Directive approachSupportive approach The company has weekly product knowledge training so that the employees know about the products that they are selling. The employees are also rewarded incentives that relate directly to their goals and are aware of their job duties (Jones, 2007) and new procedures shared in our weekly meetings. The individual goals also relate to work schedules the full time employees goals are higher than the part-time employees. The supportive approach to leadership of this group the management is open and very approachable (Jones, 2007). The management also has goals to meet and are always willing to offer advice and additional training to employees. They also meet with employees individually and find out what motivates that specific employee because everyone is different. Participative approachAchievement-oriented approach The employees participate in creating individual goals for themselves (Jones, 2007) and for the branch. They create in-branch promotions and try to make sales fun. Employee suggestions for improvement are put into action and employees are commended for their work ethics and participation with branch promotions. The goals that are set for the employees are realistic, not outrageous (Jones, 2007). By observing the amount of branch traffic, and amount of customers that do not currently have a specific product we can set goals that are achievable.

Plan a Risk Assessment for a Selected Administrative Work Environment Essay

I will plan a risk assessment for a selected administrative work environment. Risk assessment is used in protecting workers and organisations like Tesco, to help them comply with the law of the state. It helps business owners to focus on the risks that really matter in the workplace; with ones that could cause potential harm. It is important to manage risks to ensure the most valuable asset is protected. Format There is no specific format in which a risk assessment has to be done in a workplace because it depends on the organisation itself. Most businesses use generic risk assessment that is applicable to all risks. They might use ones for specific risks, such as fire management, or they might use one–off risk assessments. Frequency The frequency of a risk depends on the type of risk being assessed and the severity of the risk. Employers must complete a risk assessment book for all workers working in the organisation; these identifies the risks that may last for some time, but if new working practices are introduced into the workplace, a new risk assessment will be needed. Content Although there is no specific content for risk management, it is an administrative document aimed at assessing and controlling risk. Its content will need to reflect whatever it contains, it needs to identify hazards in the workplace and which staff might be harmed, and employers need to identify how the individuals might be harmed. Hazards in the working environment A hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment. Employers as well as employees have to co-ordinate their work, so that they ensure that no-one gets hurt during the process. Most of the hazards which are mostly found in hospitals surroundings such as kitchens, food and beverage service areas and customer service areas can pose a significant threat to safety. They need to be carefully managed; this helps to maintain safety awareness in the workplace. Before commencing any work, staff must make sure that they are aware of the potential hazards and are familiar with ways of reducing any risk of harm to themselves and consumers.

To what extent is the true of Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy?

‘Sternly moral and strangely perverse' (Schoenbaum 1955:6), The Revenger's Tragedy explores the ethical complexities of the revenger figure, Vindice, through his determination to take vengeance upon the lecherous Duke. The very nature of revenge tragedy shows an inversion of the morality play, in which the protagonist would face a series of temptations and ultimately choose a virtuous life over one of evil. Revenge plays on the other hand invariably include; secret murders and plots, disguises, violence and catastrophe, all of which are presented in The Revenger's Tragedy, but also within the character of Vindice. He is not, however, the soul revenger in the play. Irving Ribner lists nine different situations which involve revenge (1962:80) and therefore it is not surprising that some critics argue that Middleton's1 work should be more accurately named ‘The Revengers' Tragedy' (Adams 1965:61). In order for Vindice, and the other malicious characters, to exact revenge, they must enter the world of their enemy, to achieve maximum devastation from the inside out; 'embracing evil in a vain attempt to destroy evil' (Ribner 1962:80). Is this, therefore, the real tragedy of the revenger, insofar as the revenger must debase himself to the level of his adversary, in order to punish him? In the opening scene of the play, Vindice holds his dead fiancie's skull in his hand and vows to get his revenge on the Duke who attempted to seduce her and subsequently poisoned her. In terms of a revenge plot, this appears very straightforward – an ‘eye for eye' (Exodus 21:24) vengeance, but this becomes more complex with the sacrifices that Vindice has to make. Initially, he must find an entrance into court which is achieved by becoming pander to the Duke's son, Lussurioso. Having previously left the court after his father's death, merely becoming involved in this society again is a compromise, exposing him to the corruption he so readily criticises. Perhaps the audience is supposed to be impressed at Vindice's restraint, being so close to an enemy and not striking immediately, though it is this determination which ultimately turns him villain from hero. As Bowers states, ‘only rather villainous revengers are presented as waiting such a period. †¦ ] No normal, sympathetic person by Elizabethan standards would harbour his wrath for such a time and withstand the promptings of religion for forgiveness' (1959:136n. ) Being under Lussurioso's command, Vindice's escape from the planned revenge is not so easy and it could be maintained that his fate is sealed from the start; not only must he kill the Duke, but his son as well. Under his guise as Piato, meaning â€Å"plated† (Neill 1996:404), Vindice sinks further into tyranny by accepting money from Lussurioso, and presumably also from the Duke, for his work. Perhaps he had no choice in this acceptance, and therefore again, Vindice's fate is marked. Neill notes the suitability of the name Piato and its associations with the repeated ‘coin' image throughout the play. As a man in disguise, Vindice is the embodiment of the ‘deceptive glitter of the whole court'; he has become the â€Å"blanched† coin, a ‘base metal plated over with silver to improve its appearance' (Neill 1996:404). In adopting this costume, Vindice becomes consumed by the traits he puts upon himself, and poisoning the Duke completes this conversion. Piato and Vindice become, characteristically as well as physically, the same person. Murray warns that ‘the name and the disguise are intended to fool Lussurioso, but we should not be fooled into seeing a contradiction of character where none in fact exists' (1964:214 original emphasis). ‘The crucial transformations in the play are effected by poisoning, figurative or literal' and the literal poisoning of the Duke is reflected in the figurative poisoning of Vindice's mind and character (Murray 1964:196). Although he has now completed his revenge plan, Vindice forgets his original purpose and not content with ‘the death of †¦ his logical victim, must scourge from court all his vicious progeny' (Bowers 1959:133). In losing focus of his initial goal, ‘Puh, 'tis but early yet†¦ ‘ (III. V. 171), Vindice aligns himself with the Duke, whose own aim had been to seduce Gloriana, but resulted in poisoning and ultimately murdering her. Murray argues that Vindice's ‘degeneration' can be followed through ‘subtle changes' in his attitude toward Gloriana and her skull (1965:124). After this episode, Gloriana is hardly mentioned and Vindice has reduced her to a similar level to himself; dressing up her skull, creating falseness, an ironic comparison with Vindice himself, as well the courtiers, having heavily painted or masked faces. This mask image is repeated with the masque at the close of the play, in which Vindice carries out his last gruesome acts in yet another disguise. The movement from simple costume to the masque brutality is a perfect example of the shift in Vindice's character. From this moment he is ‘never shown hesitating at the thought of violence' and as is noted by many critics, ‘no-one else in the major tragedies of the period goes to such extremes of takes such delight in the doing on violence on an enemy' – Vindice embodies the ‘spirit of violence' (McAlindon 1986:140). Through the enjoyment and pleasure of violence, Vindice loses all focus, control and rationality. Murray's argument that ‘[Vindice's] moral perception is blinded at the moment when disillusion cuts through to his sexual obsession, and he is driven to sadistic revenges' (1964:223) is another example of Vindice turning tyrant, by becoming the lecherous man he has despised for so many years. Vindice almost sexualises Gloriana's decorated skull, ‘†¦ methinks I could e'en chide myself / For doting on her beauty' (III. V. 68-9) and he revels in the ingenuity of his revenge on the Duke, though he does not realise that ‘it destroys the moral value of Gloriana's martyrdom, making a whore and a murderess of her' (Murray 1965:218). His lust even extends to his own sister and in trying to tempt her to court, Vindice has some of his most poetic and well-reasoned lines: ‘Why are there so few honest women but because 'tis the / poorer profession? ‘ (II. I. 225-6). McAlindon sees Vindice's plea to Castiza to prostitute herself, as the ‘depth of [his] self-deception' and although of course he is happy when she rejects his offers, the ‘image of a noble self we see in flashes is not restored in the end' (1986:146). The play's moral dilemma is of course that Gratiana and Castiza can enjoy the riches too, if they agree to become corrupted (Salinger 1982:242). In his discussions with Lussurioso, Vindice again displays this side of his personality. The audience cannot help but draw comparisons between Vindice, the Duke and also his lecherous son, in the manner that he describes lust and sexual depravity: ‘I have been witness / To the surrenders of a thousand virgins' (I. III. 49-50). Vindice's arguments seem to flow all too easily, ‘premeditated' (Ornstein 1954:85) perhaps and convince his mother within seventy lines. Nicholas Brooke argues that his decision to carry out this ‘project' has its ‘own perversity', as his rage turns to ‘excitement' and a ‘delight in the paradox' (1979:15) which leads him to a dangerous resolve, ‘to try the faith of both' (I. III. 177). Although his asides show some regret for his actions, ‘Not, I hope, already? ‘ and ‘I e'en quake to proceed' (II. I. 104, 109), Vindice appears to continue his persuasion with little further thought on the matter. Later, when he decides to punish, and almost take revenge, on his own mother for agreeing to Castiza's prostitution, Vindice exhibits some of his most morally disturbing behaviour by Elizabethan standards. Gibbons notes that ‘in a society where parental authority was so strong, a parent's submission to a child was a deep and disturbing breach of custom' (1992:88n) and the image of Hippolito and Vindice either side of their mother, presumably with weapons, is almost a direct parallel of the way in which the brothers handle the Duke: ‘Nail down his tongue, and mine shall keep possession / About his heart' (III. V. 193-4). This can be viewed symbolically where Vindice must, for his own satisfaction, kill the ‘heart' and perform psychological torment, by showing the Duke his wife and son together. It could be argued that it is this image that kills the Duke. As his next target, the murder of Lussurioso must, of course, out do the death of the Duke, despite his reasoning being less substantial. To get his change however, Vindice must now become himself and is hired to kill ‘Piato'. This symbolism releases Vindice of all mental guilt, as it allows him not only to re-enact his killing of the Duke, but also stabbing the image of himself pushes him further into the ‘manic glee' (Brooke 1979:25) of the revenger character. Neill sees this episode as if Vindice were ‘facing the image of his death' (1997:84), a form of premonition to his inevitable downfall and death at the end of the play. For the audience, this image of Vindice killing â€Å"himself† is ironic, and the idea of arranging the corpse in a lifelike way is a shocking mirror of the ‘bony lady' (III. V. 120) Gloriana. With this gesture intended to separate the characters of Piato and Vindice, this actually brings them together as one, though Vindice fails to see this, as does Hippolito who says ‘In thine own shape now I'll prefer thee to him' (IV. I. 60) Vindice constantly makes the distinction between the characters; ‘am I far enough from myself? ‘ (I. III. 1), he asks, when first dressing as Piato, and later he claims his alter ego to be ‘a witch' (V. III. 121). Although this is a popular argument, critics such as Heather Hirschfield disagree, stating that Vindice is enacting a quest for ‘self-disclosure' and is ‘less about obtaining an impossible justice and more about orchestrating scenes that allow him to proclaim his own sinfulness' (2005:113). She argues that by putting himself in situations which allow him to give rise to someone new and pure through self destruction, Vindice is actually not looking revenge at all, merely a passage to a better life. With his final confession, Vindice hopes to attain this cleansing, however this moment of self-revelation ‘shipwreck[s] him on the very sinful self that confession is meant to overcome', and perhaps this is a critique of ‘hollow' Catholic penitence (Hirschfield 2005:113). Irving Ribner agrees with this view, arguing that ‘Heaven is responsible for Vindice's fall, but heaven's instrument is time, which changes all, and reduces life to death' (1962:77-8). It could be said therefore, that the tragedy of the revenger, is not his debasement to the level of tyrant, but his impatience for exacting his revenge, and the ‘failure of his faith in heaven' (Ribner 1962:80). Vindice fails to recognise and embrace the ‘inevitability of divine retribution' and the ‘self-destructive quality of evil' and by believing that he fully understood and was in control of himself, ultimately lost grip on his moral identity (Ribner 1962:75). At times Vindice seems somewhat irrelevant to the plotline in having no ‘clear-cut opponent' and being out of control of the majority of the action. In the masque scene, for example, the deaths of Ambitioso, Supervacuo and Spurio have ‘no indication' that they were anything more than an ‘unexpected accident' (Bowers 1959: 136,7) in which Vindice was simply an innocent bystander. Vindice, however, is not the only revenger in the play and the most notable other is Lussurioso when trying to take revenge upon Piato. He mirrors, albeit unwittingly, the masking and lying that ‘Piato' had displayed, in being untruthful about the reasons he wants revenge. Lussurioso claims that Piato had disobeyed his commands and attempted to seduce Castiza for himself using jewels. Ironically, this is just what Vindice had done, on Lussurioso's behalf, yet he fails to see this paradox, and is simply angered at the falsehood. Supervacuo, Ambitioso and Spurio try to take revenge on each other, as well as their elder brother. Again, they lower themselves to each other's level, climbing over one another in an attempt to become the next Duke. It could also be argued that Antonio has the final revenge, on Vindice, by condemning him to death. Is, therefore, Antonio as guilty as Vindice? Throughout the play he is described as ‘discontented' (I. V. sd) at the death of his wife, rather than grieving, which is a term usually associated with the character of the malcontent; Lussurioso claims that ‘discontent and want / Is the best clay to mould a villain' (IV. I. 48-9) Antonio, like Vindice, is deaf to the truth, condemning Gentleman1 for allowing the Duke to leave the court alone. It is ironic, perhaps, that Antonio's sufferings are so alike to Vindice's yet h e condemns him still. The nature of the relationship between Vindice and Antonio is described by Machiavelli: †¦ hat whoever is responsible for another's becoming powerful ruins himself, because this power is brought into being either by ingenuity or force, and both of these are suspect to the one who has become powerful (1532:15) In punishing Vindice and Hippolito, Antonio protects himself. Again, conceivably Vindice's fate was sealed from the very beginning, in that by allowing Antonio to become Duke as a consequence, he became in danger. It is possible then, that the ‘blazing star' (V. III. sd) looming over the banquet and masque, marks Vindice's fate, rather than Lussurioso's. He knows it is useless to argue against Antonio, who is ‘tainted because he shares [the brothers'] guilt' (Murray 1964:228); ‘Vindice loathes vice, but he has no faith in virtue' (Ornstein 1954:86). Justice seems to be lacking at the end, just as at the beginning of the play and as a result, Vindice's work seems futile. In conclusion, it can strongly be argued that Vindice turns tyrant to punish tyranny and that from this guise he is not redeemable. However whether this is the tragedy of the revenger is still debateable. Perhaps rather, the tragedy is that Vindice could not keep up his performance, his act, long enough to succeed or even take the Duke's seat for himself. In playing himself rather than Piato, and in his confession in the final scene, Vindice metaphorically admits to being taken in by the court that is ‘so given up to evil' and despite an ‘intense awareness of his own sin', he cannot save himself (Murray 1964:192,215). By the close of the play, the audience come to the realisation that ‘those who seek justice are no less corrupted than those who seek sensual pleasure or power' (Murray 1964:228). It is impossible, however to align Vindice with the â€Å"tragic hero† character, as though despite his admittance, he fails to achieve ‘self-knowledge' and ‘he amuses himself and us so much †¦ he seems incapable of suffering and inner conflict' (Ribner 1986:151). Through the enjoyment and gratification in the deaths and violence, Vindice's confession comes to nothing. He does not argue for forgiveness or try and show his regret but merely accepts that †tis time to die when we ourselves are foes' (V. III. 112). Peter Murray argues that Vindice is one of the more ‘believable portraits of neurotic perversion in all of Jacobean drama' and therefore the ways in which he evolves as a character is truly accurate to reality (1964:247). Can therefore, turning tyrant really be Vindice's tragedy, if any other character would have come to the same fate? ‘It is worth remembering that death is what we commonly expect at the end of a revenge tragedy' and Middleton simply alters the normal style of the close of a revenge play. In showing Vindice's lack of self-recognition, the audience would leave the theatre with a ‘particular sense of imperfection' (Ribner 1962:86). The tragedy of the revenger then, is not that Vindice has turned tyrant, but that he represents everyman, and in allowing oneself to be consumed with rage, desire and lust, every one of us would come to the same fate. Vindice does not realise that he has become the butt of his own joke; Lussurioso sought to hire a villain, and he succeeded.